Prophets or Evolution - An LDS Perspective   Chapter 30   Patterns of Intelligence     "He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would fully suffice." Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, 1921 in Physics     Introduction   The key claim, meaning the prime assumption, of neo-Darwinism is that random mutations of nucleotides created new genetic information and intelligence.  This had to have happened before natural selection came into play because natural selection can only act on existing species, not on species under construction.  The term "selection" is used in "natural selection" because it "selects" among existing species.   Because randomness had to create the patterns of DNA or RNA for the "first living cell," and because randomness had to create the patterns of mutations which led to new species (these are the first two keys of Neo-Darwinism), essentially the prime assumption of evolution is that patterns of randomness can create highly sophisticated patterns of intelligence and information; because DNA has both highly sophisticated intelligence and information coded among its nucleotides.   This chapter will ask the question: "Can patterns of randomness create patterns of massively sophisticated information and intelligence?"   The answer turns out to be 'no', as will now be seen.   This chapter first describes this issue descriptively, then it describes it visually and finally it describes it statistically.     A Computer Program   First, let us look at a computer program.  This is a program I wrote so I could have an alarm clock on my computer.  While I wrote the program, actually most of the program was written by Microsoft Corporation programmers.  They essentially wrote a lot of subroutines which did various things; then I came along and organized their library of subroutines into an alarm clock program.   The program was actually "compiled" as bits of information, meaning a long string of '0's and '1's.  Analyzing '0's and '1's is kind of boring so I grouped each 8 consecutive '0's and '1's into a "byte" and analyzed the program as a set of "bytes."   A "byte" is really nothing but eight consecutive '0's and '1's.  For example, these are "bytes" (i.e. permutations of 8 bits):   00000000 01010100 11011110 10101011 00001100 11111101 and so on.   After breaking down the program (which was a long string of '0's and '1's whereby I took each 8 consecutive bits and converted the 8 bits into one byte), I then took each byte and counted how many times this byte occurred in the listing of the program.  In other words, I took the compiled binary (i.e. 0s and 1s) listing of the program; then took each 8 consecutive bits and counted how many times each permutation of 8 bits (i.e. each byte) occurred.  This counting process generates what is called a "histogram."   A "histogram" simply "counts" how many times a particular permutation occurs, in this instance.   The intent was to count how many times each byte (i.e. permutation of 8 'bits') occurred and then analyze these counts.   In this table is a listing of how many times each byte occurred in the compiled binary listing of the alarm clock program.   Alarm Clock Program Histogram Table 1:    0 [.] = 42114 (i.e. consecutive bits: 00000000)  1 [] = 2208  (i.e. consecutive bits: 00000001)  2 [[1]] = 2442  (i.e. consecutive bits: 00000010)  3 [.] = 322   (i.e. consecutive bits: 00000011)  4 [.] = 1848  (i.e. consecutive bits: 00000100)  5 [] = 377    and so on.  6 [] = 634  7 [] = 486  8 [] = 539  9 [.] = 174  10 [.] = 2045  11 [.] = 409  12 [.] = 295  13 [.] = 170  14 [.] = 243  15 [] = 113  16 [] = 200  17 [] = 416  18 [] = 263  19 [] = 338  20 [] = 171  21 [] = 179  22 [] = 491  23 [] = 336  24 [] = 246  25 [] = 244  26 [] = 183  27 [] = 158  28 [] = 172  29 [] = 171  30 [‑] = 232  31 [­] = 500  32 [ ] = 1296  33 [!] = 59  34 ["] = 163  35 [#] = 52  36 [$] = 93  37 [%] = 185  38 [&] = 175  39 ['] = 69  40 [(] = 509  41 [)] = 79  42 [*] = 280  43 [+] = 128  44 [,] = 648  45 [-] = 88  46 [.] = 1407  47 [/] = 41  48 [0] = 1354  49 [1] = 570  50 [2] = 159  51 [3] = 321  52 [4] = 303  53 [5] = 672  54 [6] = 267  55 [7] = 411  56 [8] = 304  57 [9] = 412  58 [:] = 118  59 [;] = 65  60 [<] = 118  61 [=] = 600  62 [>] = 78  63 [?] = 41  64 [@] = 121  65 [A] = 512  66 [B] = 189  67 [C] = 524  68 [D] = 476  69 [E] = 117  70 [F] = 105  71 [G] = 83  72 [H] = 138  73 [I] = 130  74 [J] = 27  75 [K] = 223  76 [L] = 339  77 [M] = 481  78 [N] = 74  79 [O] = 142  80 [P] = 462  81 [Q] = 53  82 [R] = 166  83 [S] = 695  84 [T] = 340  85 [U] = 40  86 [V] = 287  87 [W] = 59  88 [X] = 89  89 [Y] = 72  90 [Z] = 72  91 [[] = 42  92 [\] = 46  93 []] = 36  94 [^] = 31  95 [_] = 592  96 [`] = 49  97 [a] = 1537  98 [b] = 981  99 [c] = 750  100 [d] = 743  101 [e] = 4301  102 [f] = 390  103 [g] = 224  104 [h] = 130  105 [i] = 1407  106 [j] = 57  107 [k] = 391  108 [l] = 1606  109 [m] = 1252  110 [n] = 1280  111 [o] = 2938  112 [p] = 550  113 [q] = 36  114 [r] = 2035  115 [s] = 1768  116 [t] = 2749  117 [u] = 1617  118 [v] = 352  119 [w] = 156  120 [x] = 347  121 [y] = 797  122 [z] = 64  123 [{] = 1240  124 [|] = 49  125 [}] = 226  126 [~] = 19  127 [] = 26  128 [€] = 153  129 [�] = 50  130 [‚] = 13  131 [ƒ] = 20  132 [„] = 34  133 […] = 17  134 [†] = 67  135 [‡] = 22  136 [ˆ] = 54  137 [‰] = 15  138 [Š] = 15  139 [‹] = 18  140 [Œ] = 36  141 [�] = 35  142 [Ž] = 36  143 [�] = 31  144 [�] = 50  145 [‘] = 22  146 [’] = 17  147 [“] = 31  148 [”] = 27  149 [•] = 19  150 [–] = 31  151 [—] = 21  152 [˜] = 36  153 [™] = 20  154 [š] = 55  155 [›] = 17  156 [œ] = 19  157 [�] = 10  158 [ž] = 24  159 [Ÿ] = 10  160 [ ] = 34  161 [¡] = 40  162 [¢] = 44  163 [£] = 9  164 [¤] = 24  165 [¥] = 9  166 [¦] = 21  167 [§] = 7  168 [¨] = 30  169 [©] = 16  170 [ª] = 13  171 [«] = 7  172 [¬] = 8  173 [­] = 15  174 [®] = 8  175 [¯] = 9  176 [°] = 27  177 [±] = 14  178 [²] = 8  179 [³] = 10  180 [´] = 13  181 [µ] = 9  182 [¶] = 14  183 [·] = 7  184 [¸] = 26  185 [¹] = 7  186 [º] = 13  187 [»] = 9  188 [¼] = 21  189 [½] = 10  190 [¾] = 11  191 [¿] = 14  192 [À] = 43  193 [Á] = 12  194 [Â] = 8  195 [Ã] = 9  196 [Ä] = 18  197 [Å] = 21  198 [Æ] = 27  199 [Ç] = 6  200 [È] = 15  201 [É] = 9  202 [Ê] = 24  203 [Ë] = 10  204 [Ì] = 37  205 [Í] = 13  206 [Î] = 12  207 [Ï] = 10  208 [Ð] = 9  209 [Ñ] = 61  210 [Ò] = 17  211 [Ó] = 14  212 [Ô] = 12  213 [Õ] = 7  214 [Ö] = 14  215 [×] = 14  216 [Ø] = 20  217 [Ù] = 13  218 [Ú] = 9  219 [Û] = 13  220 [Ü] = 28  221 [Ý] = 12  222 [Þ] = 30  223 [ß] = 10  224 [à] = 20  225 [á] = 13  226 [â] = 14  227 [ã] = 9  228 [ä] = 17  229 [å] = 5  230 [æ] = 14  231 [ç] = 8  232 [è] = 29  233 [é] = 28  234 [ê] = 5  235 [ë] = 28  236 [ì] = 12  237 [í] = 10  238 [î] = 14  239 [ï] = 11  240 [ð] = 32  241 [ñ] = 15  242 [ò] = 12  243 [ó] = 2  244 [ô] = 29  245 [õ] = 6  246 [ö] = 9  247 [÷] = 19  248 [ø] = 19  249 [ù] = 5  250 [ú] = 8  251 [û] = 10  252 [ü] = 11  253 [ý] = 14  254 [þ] = 58  255 [ÿ] = 1403    Total = 110592 bytes   Note in the above chart that the minimum number of times a single byte was found was 2.  This happened once for byte 243.   The maximum number of times a byte was found was 42,114, for byte 0.  The second highest was 4,301, for byte 101.   Note also the large number of times that bytes 97 through 128 were found!!  Compare this to the number of times bytes 163 through 254 were found (with a few exceptions).   The above chart is a "histogram," meaning a chart which shows the frequency of how many times a particular pattern of 8 'bits' exists in the program.   The computer program, in total, had 110,592 bytes.     Using A Random Number Generator   I then used the random number generator to generate 110,592 random "bytes."  The next chart is this histogram:   Alarm Clock Histogram Generated By Random Number Generator Table 2:    0 [.] = 451  1 [] = 407  2 [[1]] = 402  3 [.] = 442  4 [.] = 428  5 [] = 426  6 [] = 440  7 [] = 444  8 [] = 458  9 [.] = 434  10 [.] = 452  11 [.] = 437  12 [.] = 429  13 [.] = 469  14 [.] = 415  15 [] = 466  16 [] = 430  17 [] = 469  18 [] = 431  19 [] = 460  20 [] = 394  21 [] = 437  22 [] = 427  23 [] = 453  24 [] = 428  25 [] = 426  26 [] = 473  27 [] = 403  28 [] = 414  29 [] = 413  30 [‑] = 445  31 [­] = 460  32 [ ] = 419  33 [!] = 450  34 ["] = 438  35 [#] = 449  36 [$] = 434  37 [%] = 395  38 [&] = 440  39 ['] = 404  40 [(] = 462  41 [)] = 461  42 [*] = 429  43 [+] = 405  44 [,] = 445  45 [-] = 480  46 [.] = 473  47 [/] = 443  48 [0] = 444  49 [1] = 410  50 [2] = 457  51 [3] = 452  52 [4] = 432  53 [5] = 458  54 [6] = 470  55 [7] = 438  56 [8] = 432  57 [9] = 424  58 [:] = 442  59 [;] = 403  60 [<] = 449  61 [=] = 420  62 [>] = 447  63 [?] = 459  64 [@] = 486  65 [A] = 481  66 [B] = 413  67 [C] = 413  68 [D] = 417  69 [E] = 450  70 [F] = 412  71 [G] = 427  72 [H] = 406  73 [I] = 402  74 [J] = 460  75 [K] = 431  76 [L] = 435  77 [M] = 416  78 [N] = 439  79 [O] = 484  80 [P] = 432  81 [Q] = 407  82 [R] = 402  83 [S] = 416  84 [T] = 435  85 [U] = 411  86 [V] = 440  87 [W] = 404  88 [X] = 421  89 [Y] = 402  90 [Z] = 433  91 [[] = 394  92 [\] = 428  93 []] = 432  94 [^] = 447  95 [_] = 448  96 [`] = 444  97 [a] = 430  98 [b] = 415  99 [c] = 413  100 [d] = 467  101 [e] = 458  102 [f] = 419  103 [g] = 409  104 [h] = 449  105 [i] = 413  106 [j] = 422  107 [k] = 462  108 [l] = 439  109 [m] = 428  110 [n] = 420  111 [o] = 413  112 [p] = 437  113 [q] = 418  114 [r] = 436  115 [s] = 464  116 [t] = 448  117 [u] = 430  118 [v] = 415  119 [w] = 406  120 [x] = 409  121 [y] = 427  122 [z] = 423  123 [{] = 442  124 [|] = 443  125 [}] = 372  126 [~] = 406  127 [] = 423  128 [€] = 443  129 [�] = 409  130 [‚] = 403  131 [ƒ] = 387  132 [„] = 440  133 […] = 403  134 [†] = 438  135 [‡] = 454  136 [ˆ] = 423  137 [‰] = 423  138 [Š] = 441  139 [‹] = 440  140 [Œ] = 426  141 [�] = 429  142 [Ž] = 483  143 [�] = 411  144 [�] = 452  145 [‘] = 412  146 [’] = 469  147 [“] = 415  148 [”] = 437  149 [•] = 397  150 [–] = 438  151 [—] = 439  152 [˜] = 438  153 [™] = 417  154 [š] = 476  155 [›] = 403  156 [œ] = 417  157 [�] = 416  158 [ž] = 441  159 [Ÿ] = 441  160 [ ] = 458  161 [¡] = 463  162 [¢] = 452  163 [£] = 450  164 [¤] = 450  165 [¥] = 418  166 [¦] = 451  167 [§] = 432  168 [¨] = 427  169 [©] = 422  170 [ª] = 418  171 [«] = 403  172 [¬] = 444  173 [­] = 466  174 [®] = 382  175 [¯] = 404  176 [°] = 429  177 [±] = 393  178 [²] = 449  179 [³] = 437  180 [´] = 436  181 [µ] = 425  182 [¶] = 441  183 [·] = 459  184 [¸] = 387  185 [¹] = 440  186 [º] = 481  187 [»] = 436  188 [¼] = 439  189 [½] = 430  190 [¾] = 434  191 [¿] = 421  192 [À] = 450  193 [Á] = 430  194 [Â] = 401  195 [Ã] = 430  196 [Ä] = 445  197 [Å] = 437  198 [Æ] = 406  199 [Ç] = 423  200 [È] = 458  201 [É] = 435  202 [Ê] = 423  203 [Ë] = 453  204 [Ì] = 420  205 [Í] = 407  206 [Î] = 417  207 [Ï] = 443  208 [Ð] = 426  209 [Ñ] = 451  210 [Ò] = 434  211 [Ó] = 404  212 [Ô] = 423  213 [Õ] = 432  214 [Ö] = 432  215 [×] = 441  216 [Ø] = 421  217 [Ù] = 446  218 [Ú] = 459  219 [Û] = 440  220 [Ü] = 445  221 [Ý] = 446  222 [Þ] = 443  223 [ß] = 454  224 [à] = 444  225 [á] = 408  226 [â] = 420  227 [ã] = 406  228 [ä] = 417  229 [å] = 433  230 [æ] = 424  231 [ç] = 417  232 [è] = 421  233 [é] = 434  234 [ê] = 418  235 [ë] = 461  236 [ì] = 424  237 [í] = 403  238 [î] = 409  239 [ï] = 428  240 [ð] = 462  241 [ñ] = 463  242 [ò] = 419  243 [ó] = 442  244 [ô] = 389  245 [õ] = 405  246 [ö] = 453  247 [÷] = 413  248 [ø] = 425  249 [ù] = 437  250 [ú] = 411  251 [û] = 413  252 [ü] = 421  253 [ý] = 430  254 [þ] = 456  255 [ÿ] = 422    Total = 110592   Whereas the histogram range for an actual intelligently designed computer program ranged from 2 to 42,114 (or "to 4,301" if you don't count 0), the range for the randomly generated histogram was 372 (for byte 125) to 486 (for byte 64).   The "range" or "gap" for an intelligently designed computer program was at least 4,299 (i.e. 4,301 - 2), whereas the "gap" for a randomly designed computer program (which obviously would not have done anything useful) was 114 (i.e. 486 - 372).  The size of the "gap" of the randomly generated program was only 2.65% of the range or "gap" of the intelligently generated program!!   Random number generators; which are essentially what random mutations of nucleotides are represented by; do not have nearly the variety of counts as a truly intelligent set of bits.  The wide variety of bits of an intelligent program is a side-effect of intelligence.   The point is that in order to create intelligence you need a wide range in values in the histogram, but a random number generator cannot create that wide range of values.   There is no randomness in intelligence and there is no intelligence in randomness!!   We could have done the same thing with a book.  A book written in the English language would have very few 'z' or 'q' or 'j' characters.  Yet, if we randomly generated the letters in the book, one out of 26 of the letters would be a 'z' or a 'q' or a 'j'.   If we "weighted" or "biased" the selection of letters, to the same proportion as in a real book; we would get the right weighting, but not the right distribution of groups of letters.  It would be gibberish, as has already been seen in a prior chapter.   The point to this exercise is this question: "Could we ever randomly generate the alarm clock program using a random number generator?"  The answer is 'no', at least not in the time frame of a trillion years.   Intelligence has patterns which are vastly different than the patterns of randomness.  You don't get intelligence from randomness.   Randomness creates very consistent patterns, which is exactly the wrong thing to do if you are trying to generate intelligence or information.   But intelligence creates a high variety of patterns.  If you plotted the above numbers for intelligence on a graph; the intelligence would create a very active chart which would have a wide range of highs and lows.   On the other hand, you would see a very flat and boring pattern generated by the random numbers.  From a distance the pattern would look like a straight line.     The Photograph   Just for fun, I did a similar thing with a photograph used commonly by Microsoft.  This doesn't really have any intelligence to it, but it certainly was not a photograph generated by a random number generator.   Using the "bliss.bmp" file, and checking out its "intelligence," I got a minimum value of 324 and a maximum value of 26,792.  That is a range or gap of 26,468.   The random number generator generated a minimum of 5,379 and a maximum of 5,848.  The bliss.bmp file is 1,440,054 bytes long so more random numbers had to be generated.  It generated a gap of 469.  The ratio of the two gaps, randomness to intelligence (i.e. non-random), was: 1.77%.   Again, we see a vast difference in the patterns.  Could a random number generator ever generate the "bliss.bmp" file?  No.   In fact, I wrote a computer program to generate random images.  Never, at any time did any small section of any of the images ever resemble an identifiable object.  Not even a small object in a small section of the screen could be identified.     What About DNA?   Analyzing DNA should yield the same kind of results.  In fact, I took a portion of chromosome 5 and analyzed it.   Chromosome 5 has about 1,643 genes in it, which is about 5.1% of all the genes in the entire DNA.  It also has about 198 million base pairs, which is about 6.1% of the entire human genome (including the X and Y chromosomes).   I analyzed a section of 41,199,371 consecutive nucleotides, which is about 21% of the nucleotides in chromosome 5.   If you want to see this sequence, do the following: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.org On left side click: Genomic Biology In middle of page click: Homo sapiens (human) Then click: chromosome number: 5 On right side of page click: "Download/View Sequence/Evidence" Select the item nearest 41.2 million nucleotides.   Here is their breakdown of the actual nucleotides in this segment.     Total = 41,199,371     A     = 12,664,928   C     =  7,942,096   G     =  7,927,395   T     = 12,664,952   In order to examine "bytes," I took each four consecutive nucleotides and compressed them into one byte.  This meant the number of "bytes" I examined was 1/4th the number of nucleotides because each four consecutive nucleotides (i.e. A, C, G, T) were compressed into one byte.   To make this conversion I used the following chart: A converted to bits: 00, by definition C converted to bits: 01, by definition G converted to bits: 10, by definition T converted to bits: 11, by defintion   Here is an example of how four consecutive nucleotides were converted into a single byte.  Let us take the sequence AGTC.   The A would convert to 00 (i.e. the first two bits in the byte), The G would convert to 10 (i.e. the second two bits in the byte), The T would convert to 11 (i.e. the third two bits in the byte), The C would convert to 01 (i.e. the fourth two bits in the byte).   Thus, the four nucleotides would convert to: 00 10 11 01.   The 00101101 is a “binary number,” meaning a “base 2” number.  Starting with the far left digit, converting binary to decimal uses this conversion: Far left bit is multiplied by 128 (x 0) Next bit is multiplied by 64 (x 0) Next bit is multiplied by 32 (x 1) Next bit is multiplied by 16 (x 0) Next bit is multiplied by 8 (x 1) Next bit is multiplied by 4 (x 1) Next bit is multiplied by 2 (x 0) Far right bit is multiplied by 1 (x 1)   This is how it is done: (00-10-11-01 base 2 equals 45 in base 10):   The first two bits came from the ‘A’ 0 x 128 = 0 (the far left bit) 0 x 64 = 0 (the second bit from the left)   The second pair of bits came from the ‘G’ 1 x 32 = 32 (the third bit) 0 x 16 = 0 (the fourth bit)   The third pair of bits came from the ‘T’ 1 x 8 = 8 (the fifth bit) 1 x 4 = 4 (the sixth bit)   The fourth pair of bits came from the ‘C’ 0 x 2 = 0 (the seventh bit) 1 x 1 = 1 (the eighth bit)   Thus, 00-10-11-01 binary is equal to:  0 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 45 base 10, meaning decimal.   Thus, the sequence AGTC would convert to “byte 45.”   Here is the histogram of the actual "bytes" of the chromosome 5 sequence of nucleotides; where each "byte" represents 4 consecutive nucleotides of real human DNA compressed into one "byte":   Histogram of Actual Human DNA (chromosome 5) Table 3:   Column (A) Byte # Column (B) Byte Equal To These Four Nucleotides Column (C) Frequency of this Sequence of Four Nucleotides (i.e. frequency of each byte)   (A)   (B)     (C)   0   [AAAA]   171795 1   [AAAC]   61526 2   [AAAG]   79756 3   [AAAT]   116638 4   [AACA]   67711 5   [AACC]   32325 6   [AACG]     5389 7   [AACT]   51658 8   [AAGA]   74007 9   [AAGC]   37807 10  [AAGG]   46434 11  [AAGT]   53799 12  [AATA]   87920 13  [AATC]   44581 14  [AATG]   66135 15  [AATT]   86968 16  [ACAA]   61864 17  [ACAC]   39693 18  [ACAG]   52031 19  [ACAT]   59606 20  [ACCA]   43027 21  [ACCC]   26463 22  [ACCG]     3909 23  [ACCT]   38724 24  [ACGA]     4852 25  [ACGC]     4302 26  [ACGG]     4807 27  [ACGT]     6860 28  [ACTA]   37209 29  [ACTC]   34159 30  [ACTG]   45136 31  [ACTT]   53514 32  [AGAA]   86015 33  [AGAC]   37158 34  [AGAG]   55425 35  [AGAT]   52914 36  [AGCA]   49296 37  [AGCC]   35622 38  [AGCG]     4511 39  [AGCT]   43890 40  [AGGA]   54327 41  [AGGC]   38471 42  [AGGG]   35063 43  [AGGT]   38208 44  [AGTA]   42704 45  [AGTC]   30407 46  [AGTG]   45253 47  [AGTT]   52034 48  [ATAA]   78825 49  [ATAC]   38726 50  [ATAG]   41093 51  [ATAT]   84098 52  [ATCA]   51202 53  [ATCC]   32900 54  [ATCG]     4464 55  [ATCT]   52936 56  [ATGA]   57129 57  [ATGC]   35173 58  [ATGG]   44685 59  [ATGT]   59339 60  [ATTA]   69003 61  [ATTC]   51404 62  [ATTG]   47417 63  [ATTT]   117256 64  [CAAA]   79363 65  [CAAC]   32127 66  [CAAG]   42815 67  [CAAT]   47654 68  [CACA]   55620 69  [CACC]   33151 70  [CACG]     7179 71  [CACT]   45928 72  [CAGA]   56564 73  [CAGC]   41329 74  [CAGG]   48062 75  [CAGT]   45195 76  [CATA]   46917 77  [CATC]   35989 78  [CATG]   48113 79  [CATT]   65381 80  [CCAA]   45500 81  [CCAC]   35934 82  [CCAG]   48737 83  [CCAT]   44965 84  [CCCA]   46621 85  [CCCC]   25223 86  [CCCG]     6354 87  [CCCT]   35270 88  [CCGA]     4555 89  [CCGC]     4965 90  [CCGG]     5318 91  [CCGT]     4858 92  [CCTA]   30469 93  [CCTC]   41512 94  [CCTG]   48098 95  [CCTT]   47006 96  [CGAA]     4840 97  [CGAC]     2618 98  [CGAG]     6200 99  [CGAT]     4553 100 [CGCA]     4452 101 [CGCC]     6407 102 [CGCG]     1565 103 [CGCT]     4517 104 [CGGA]     4428 105 [CGGC]     4852 106 [CGGG]     6324 107 [CGGT]     3933 108 [CGTA]     4245 109 [CGTC]     4037 110 [CGTG]     7351 111 [CGTT]     5433 112 [CTAA]   43131 113 [CTAC]   27535 114 [CTAG]   29209 115 [CTAT]   41542 116 [CTCA]   52774 117 [CTCC]   42889 118 [CTCG]     6080 119 [CTCT]   55831 120 [CTGA]   50215 121 [CTGC]   39849 122 [CTGG]   48277 123 [CTGT]   52140 124 [CTTA]   41672 125 [CTTC]   47446 126 [CTTG]   42909 127 [CTTT]   79790 128 [GAAA]   82388 129 [GAAC]   30267 130 [GAAG]   47142 131 [GAAT]   51502 132 [GACA]   37677 133 [GACC]   19607 134 [GACG]     3864 135 [GACT]   30747 136 [GAGA]   54787 137 [GAGC]   26835 138 [GAGG]   41002 139 [GAGT]   33589 140 [GATA]   36672 141 [GATC]   24331 142 [GATG]   35921 143 [GATT]   44264 144 [GCAA]   39578 145 [GCAC]   25373 146 [GCAG]   39433 147 [GCAT]   34728 148 [GCCA]   36945 149 [GCCC]   22184 150 [GCCG]     4720 151 [GCCT]   38291 152 [GCGA]     3996 153 [GCGC]     4097 154 [GCGG]     4920 155 [GCGT]     4322 156 [GCTA]   27903 157 [GCTC]   26921 158 [GCTG]   41554 159 [GCTT]   37492 160 [GGAA]   51638 161 [GGAC]   20083 162 [GGAG]   42961 163 [GGAT]   33060 164 [GGCA]   37084 165 [GGCC]   23339 166 [GGCG]     6415 167 [GGCT]   35520 168 [GGGA]   38931 169 [GGGC]   22252 170 [GGGG]   25116 171 [GGGT]   26461 172 [GGTA]   26299 173 [GGTC]   19789 174 [GGTG]   33347 175 [GGTT]   32735 176 [GTAA]   39612 177 [GTAC]   19306 178 [GTAG]   28035 179 [GTAT]   38647 180 [GTCA]   31986 181 [GTCC]   20194 182 [GTCG]     2612 183 [GTCT]   37235 184 [GTGA]   41003 185 [GTGC]   25002 186 [GTGG]   36220 187 [GTGT]   39178 188 [GTTA]   33122 189 [GTTC]   30685 190 [GTTG]   32094 191 [GTTT]   61630 192 [TAAA]   96295 193 [TAAC]   32788 194 [TAAG]   41940 195 [TAAT]   68926 196 [TACA]   52499 197 [TACC]   26011 198 [TACG]     4285 199 [TACT]   42863 200 [TAGA]   46015 201 [TAGC]   27648 202 [TAGG]   30346 203 [TAGT]   37514 204 [TATA]   71110 205 [TATC]   36991 206 [TATG]   46579 207 [TATT]   88109 208 [TCAA]   55867 209 [TCAC]   40668 210 [TCAG]   50537 211 [TCAT]   56858 212 [TCCA]   49110 213 [TCCC]   39054 214 [TCCG]     4520 215 [TCCT]   54738 216 [TCGA]     4493 217 [TCGC]     4023 218 [TCGG]     4621 219 [TCGT]     5058 220 [TCTA]   46049 221 [TCTC]   55454 222 [TCTG]   56439 223 [TCTT]   74027 224 [TGAA]   68470 225 [TGAC]   31575 226 [TGAG]   52522 227 [TGAT]   50570 228 [TGCA]   48917 229 [TGCC]   37185 230 [TGCG]     4415 231 [TGCT]   49589 232 [TGGA]   48758 233 [TGGC]   36807 234 [TGGG]   46031 235 [TGGT]   42586 236 [TGTA]   52586 237 [TGTC]   37682 238 [TGTG]   55631 239 [TGTT]   67303 240 [TTAA]   78181 241 [TTAC]   39932 242 [TTAG]   42944 243 [TTAT]   78553 244 [TTCA]   69125 245 [TTCC]   51528 246 [TTCG]     4914 247 [TTCT]   85861 248 [TTGA]   55806 249 [TTGC]   39335 250 [TTGG]   45168 251 [TTGT]   61447 252 [TTTA]   95607 253 [TTTC]   82318 254 [TTTG]   80201 255 [TTTT]   170849   Total = 10,299,843   Note that the number of bytes is about 1/4th the number of nucleotides.   Note that the minimum was 1,565 in byte 102.  The maximum was 171,795 in byte 0.  Byte 0 represented four consecutive 'A' nucleotides.  You might remember that byte 0 also had the highest byte count in the computer program.  The sequence TTTT (i.e. 255) had a 170,840 count, not far behind AAAA.   The counts for AAAA, CCCC, GGGG and TTTT are somewhat consistent with the overall proportion of these nucleotides.  Remember from above:     A     = 12,664,928 (30.74%)   C     =  7,942,096 (19.28%)   G     =  7,927,395 (19.24%)   T     = 12,664,952 (30.74%)   Now look at the histogram for these sequences:   AAAA    =    171,795 (43.72%) CCCC    =     25,223 ( 6.42%) GGGG    =     25,116 ( 6.39%) TTTT    =    170,840 (43.47%)   The important number for our purposes was the gap 170,230 (i.e. 171,795 ‑ 1,565).   Now let us look at the randomly generated bytes of the same total count:   Randomly Generated DNA Table 4:    0 [.] = 40123  1 [_] = 40154  2 [_] = 39966  3 [.] = 40361  4 [.] = 40451  5 [_] = 40384  6 [_] = 39995  7 [_] = 40119  8 [_] = 40125  9 [.] = 40242  10 [.] = 39867  11 [.] = 40166  12 [.] = 40094  13 [.] = 40073  14 [_] = 40120  15 [_] = 40387  16 [_] = 39842  17 [_] = 40323  18 [_] = 40185  19 [_] = 40159  20 [_] = 40473  21 [_] = 40144  22 [_] = 40219  23 [_] = 40145  24 [_] = 40188  25 [_] = 39993  26 [_] = 40405  27 [_] = 40106  28 [_] = 40093  29 [_] = 40161  30 [_] = 40317  31 [_] = 40233  32 [ ] = 40291  33 [!] = 40280  34 ["] = 40134  35 [#] = 40542  36 [$] = 39953  37 [%] = 40225  38 [&] = 40130  39 ['] = 40541  40 [(] = 40223  41 [)] = 40330  42 [*] = 40167  43 [+] = 40230  44 [,] = 40010  45 [-] = 40606  46 [.] = 39825  47 [/] = 40352  48 [0] = 40245  49 [1] = 40273  50 [2] = 40356  51 [3] = 40421  52 [4] = 39912  53 [5] = 39984  54 [6] = 40422  55 [7] = 40379  56 [8] = 40307  57 [9] = 40599  58 [:] = 40217  59 [;] = 40045  60 [<] = 40501  61 [=] = 40429  62 [>] = 40168  63 [?] = 39992  64 [@] = 40358  65 [A] = 40195  66 [B] = 39787  67 [C] = 40144  68 [D] = 40014  69 [E] = 40233  70 [F] = 40230  71 [G] = 40187  72 [H] = 40336  73 [I] = 40254  74 [J] = 40490  75 [K] = 40239  76 [L] = 39982  77 [M] = 40272  78 [N] = 40018  79 [O] = 39685  80 [P] = 40343  81 [Q] = 40471  82 [R] = 40088  83 [S] = 40558  84 [T] = 40156  85 [U] = 40144  86 [V] = 40004  87 [W] = 39890  88 [X] = 40209  89 [Y] = 40301  90 [Z] = 40067  91 [[] = 40401  92 [\] = 40542  93 []] = 39999  94 [^] = 40292  95 [_] = 40191  96 [`] = 40326  97 [a] = 40081  98 [b] = 40022  99 [c] = 40225  100 [d] = 40322  101 [e] = 40150  102 [f] = 40360  103 [g] = 40451  104 [h] = 40121  105 [i] = 40449  106 [j] = 40385  107 [k] = 40113  108 [l] = 40241  109 [m] = 40185  110 [n] = 40288  111 [o] = 40168  112 [p] = 40067  113 [q] = 40549  114 [r] = 40677  115 [s] = 40597  116 [t] = 40081  117 [u] = 40317  118 [v] = 40479  119 [w] = 40329  120 [x] = 40065  121 [y] = 40320  122 [z] = 39912  123 [{] = 39967  124 [|] = 40444  125 [}] = 40201  126 [~] = 40322  127 [] = 40217  128 [€] = 40196  129 [�] = 40138  130 [‚] = 40209  131 [ƒ] = 40162  132 [„] = 40097  133 […] = 40568  134 [†] = 39991  135 [‡] = 40402  136 [ˆ] = 40202  137 [‰] = 40143  138 [Š] = 40257  139 [‹] = 39959  140 [Œ] = 40361  141 [�] = 40741  142 [Ž] = 39965  143 [�] = 40298  144 [�] = 40129  145 [‘] = 40093  146 [’] = 40299  147 [“] = 40254  148 [”] = 40293  149 [•] = 40018  150 [–] = 40651  151 [—] = 40180  152 [˜] = 40083  153 [™] = 40354  154 [š] = 40066  155 [›] = 40098  156 [œ] = 40239  157 [�] = 39784  158 [ž] = 40291  159 [Ÿ] = 40254  160 [ ] = 40118  161 [¡] = 40207  162 [¢] = 40374  163 [£] = 40228  164 [¤] = 40411  165 [¥] = 40150  166 [¦] = 40581  167 [§] = 40078  168 [¨] = 39835  169 [©] = 40038  170 [ª] = 40773  171 [«] = 40151  172 [¬] = 40355  173 [¬] = 40172  174 [®] = 40184  175 [¯] = 40409  176 [°] = 40195  177 [±] = 40335  178 [²] = 40103  179 [³] = 39992  180 [´] = 39874  181 [µ] = 40238  182 [¶] = 40434  183 [•] = 40428  184 [¸] = 40095  185 [¹] = 40254  186 [º] = 40406  187 [»] = 39842  188 [¼] = 40473  189 [½] = 40260  190 [¾] = 40013  191 [¿] = 40211  192 [À] = 40312  193 [Á] = 40260  194 [Â] = 40131  195 [Ã] = 40022  196 [Ä] = 40370  197 [Å] = 40410  198 [Æ] = 40597  199 [Ç] = 40066  200 [È] = 40340  201 [É] = 40474  202 [Ê] = 40109  203 [Ë] = 40417  204 [Ì] = 40284  205 [Í] = 40535  206 [Î] = 40252  207 [Ï] = 40244  208 [Ð] = 40124  209 [Ñ] = 40152  210 [Ò] = 40151  211 [Ó] = 40427  212 [Ô] = 40352  213 [Õ] = 40163  214 [Ö] = 40401  215 [×] = 40457  216 [Ø] = 40232  217 [Ù] = 40375  218 [Ú] = 40282  219 [Û] = 40409  220 [Ü] = 40515  221 [Ý] = 40001  222 [Þ] = 39875  223 [ß] = 40305  224 [à] = 40014  225 [á] = 39961  226 [â] = 40488  227 [ã] = 40326  228 [ä] = 40543  229 [å] = 40128  230 [æ] = 40146  231 [ç] = 40369  232 [è] = 40378  233 [é] = 40330  234 [ê] = 40218  235 [ë] = 40171  236 [ì] = 40315  237 [í] = 40254  238 [î] = 40264  239 [ï] = 40024  240 [ð] = 40331  241 [ñ] = 40223  242 [ò] = 39898  243 [ó] = 40435  244 [ô] = 40161  245 [õ] = 40523  246 [ö] = 40195  247 [÷] = 40465  248 [ø] = 40042  249 [ù] = 40114  250 [ú] = 40312  251 [û] = 40628  252 [ü] = 40302  253 [ý] = 40549  254 [þ] = 40245  255 [ÿ] = 40242    Total = 10299843   In this chart, the minimum was 39,685 in byte 79 and the maximum was 40,773 in byte 170.  The gap was 1,088.   The ratio of gaps was 1,088 / 170,230 and it equaled 0.64%; which is less than 1%!!   I ordered all of the different byte counts in the actual DNA histogram.  ONLY 4 of the 256 byte counts fell in the range of the minimum and maximum byte counts generated by the random number generator.  Here they are:   17  [_] = 39693 121 [y] = 39849 241 [ñ] = 39932 209 [Ñ] = 40668   The other 252 counts were outside the range of the random distribution!!   Again, we see the patterns for an intelligently designed DNA strand are vastly different than the flat patterns of a randomly generated DNA.   There is simply no way that randomly generated nucleotides could generate the type of intelligence and information in a real DNA strand!!     Using Predicted Values (i.e. Bias)   Let us review how many of the four different nucleotides were found in this segment of real human DNA:     A     = 12,664,928 (30.74%)   C     =  7,942,096 (19.28%)   G     =  7,927,395 (19.24%)   T     = 12,664,952 (30.74%)   Total = 41,199,371   We can predict how many times a particular sequence of 4 nucleotides (i.e. a "byte") occurs by using the above ratios or bias.  For example, we could design a random number generator to make sure an 'A' is chosen 30.74% of the time and a 'C' is chosen 19.28% of the time, and so on.   This would be called a "biased random number generator" because it doesn't just randomly pick a nucleotide string; it picks nucleotide strings based on the percentage of times they occur in a real DNA sequence.   If we do this, we can compare the actual number of times a sequence or byte occurs and compare it to how many times we would predict it would occur, using our biased random number generator.   Here is what the chart would look like for the REAL HUMAN DNA (i.e. this chart does NOT use a random number generator, it uses real human DNA):   Real Human DNA Histogram Compared to Predicted Histogram Table 5:   Column (A) is the byte number Column (B) is the sequence of 4 nucleotides Column (C) is the ACTUAL times the sequence/byte occurred Column (D) is Column (F) minus Column (C), if positive Column (E) is Column (C) minus Column (F), if positive Column (F) is the number of predicted occurrences    (A)  (B)      (C)     (D)    (E)     (F)    0   [AAAA] = 171795      0  79818  *91977*  1   [AAAC] =  61526      0   3848  *57678*  2   [AAAG] =  79756      0  22185  *57571*  3   [AAAT] = 116638      0  24661  *91977*  4   [AACA] =  67711      0  10033  *57678*  5   [AACC] =  32325   3845      0  *36170*  6   [AACG] =   5389  30714      0  *36103*  7   [AACT] =  51658   6020      0  *57678*  8   [AAGA] =  74007      0  16436  *57571*  9   [AAGC] =  37807      0   1704  *36103*  10  [AAGG] =  46434      0  10398  *36036*  11  [AAGT] =  53799   3773      0  *57572*  12  [AATA] =  87920   4057      0  *91977*  13  [AATC] =  44581  13097      0  *57678*  14  [AATG] =  66135      0   8563  *57572*  15  [AATT] =  86968   5009      0  *91977*  16  [ACAA] =  61864      0   4186  *57678*  17  [ACAC] =  39693      0   3523  *36170*  18  [ACAG] =  52031      0  15928  *36103*  19  [ACAT] =  59606      0   1928  *57678*  20  [ACCA] =  43027      0   6857  *36170*  21  [ACCC] =  26463      0   3781  *22682*  22  [ACCG] =   3909  18731      0  *22640*  23  [ACCT] =  38724      0   2554  *36170*  24  [ACGA] =   4852  31251      0  *36103*  25  [ACGC] =   4302  18338      0  *22640*  26  [ACGG] =   4807  17791      0  *22598*  27  [ACGT] =   6860  29243      0  *36103*  28  [ACTA] =  37209  20469      0  *57678*  29  [ACTC] =  34159   2011      0  *36170*  30  [ACTG] =  45136      0   9033  *36103*  31  [ACTT] =  53514   4164      0  *57678*  32  [AGAA] =  86015      0  28444  *57571*  33  [AGAC] =  37158      0   1055  *36103*  34  [AGAG] =  55425      0  19389  *36036*  35  [AGAT] =  52914   4658      0  *57572*  36  [AGCA] =  49296      0  13193  *36103*  37  [AGCC] =  35622      0  12982  *22640*  38  [AGCG] =   4511  18087      0  *22598*  39  [AGCT] =  43890      0   7787  *36103*  40  [AGGA] =  54327      0  18291  *36036*  41  [AGGC] =  38471      0  15873  *22598*  42  [AGGG] =  35063      0  12507  *22556*  43  [AGGT] =  38208      0   2172  *36036*  44  [AGTA] =  42704  14868      0  *57572*  45  [AGTC] =  30407   5696      0  *36103*  46  [AGTG] =  45253      0   9217  *36036*  47  [AGTT] =  52034   5538      0  *57572*  48  [ATAA] =  78825  13152      0  *91977*  49  [ATAC] =  38726  18952      0  *57678*  50  [ATAG] =  41093  16479      0  *57572*  51  [ATAT] =  84098   7879      0  *91977*  52  [ATCA] =  51202   6476      0  *57678*  53  [ATCC] =  32900   3270      0  *36170*  54  [ATCG] =   4464  31639      0  *36103*  55  [ATCT] =  52936   4742      0  *57678*  56  [ATGA] =  57129    443      0  *57572*  57  [ATGC] =  35173    930      0  *36103*  58  [ATGG] =  44685      0   8649  *36036*  59  [ATGT] =  59339      0   1767  *57572*  60  [ATTA] =  69003  22974      0  *91977*  61  [ATTC] =  51404   6274      0  *57678*  62  [ATTG] =  47417  10155      0  *57572*  63  [ATTT] = 117256      0  25278  *91978*  64  [CAAA] =  79363      0  21685  *57678*  65  [CAAC] =  32127   4043      0  *36170*  66  [CAAG] =  42815      0   6712  *36103*  67  [CAAT] =  47654  10024      0  *57678*  68  [CACA] =  55620      0  19450  *36170*  69  [CACC] =  33151      0  10469  *22682*  70  [CACG] =   7179  15461      0  *22640*  71  [CACT] =  45928      0   9758  *36170*  72  [CAGA] =  56564      0  20461  *36103*  73  [CAGC] =  41329      0  18689  *22640*  74  [CAGG] =  48062      0  25464  *22598*  75  [CAGT] =  45195      0   9092  *36103*  76  [CATA] =  46917  10761      0  *57678*  77  [CATC] =  35989    181      0  *36170*  78  [CATG] =  48113      0  12010  *36103*  79  [CATT] =  65381      0   7703  *57678*  80  [CCAA] =  45500      0   9330  *36170*  81  [CCAC] =  35934      0  13252  *22682*  82  [CCAG] =  48737      0  26097  *22640*  83  [CCAT] =  44965      0   8795  *36170*  84  [CCCA] =  46621      0  23939  *22682*  85  [CCCC] =  25223      0  10999  *14224*  86  [CCCG] =   6354   7843      0  *14197*  87  [CCCT] =  35270      0  12588  *22682*  88  [CCGA] =   4555  18085      0  *22640*  89  [CCGC] =   4965   9232      0  *14197*  90  [CCGG] =   5318   8853      0  *14171*  91  [CCGT] =   4858  17782      0  *22640*  92  [CCTA] =  30469   5701      0  *36170*  93  [CCTC] =  41512      0  18830  *22682*  94  [CCTG] =  48098      0  25458  *22640*  95  [CCTT] =  47006      0  10836  *36170*  96  [CGAA] =   4840  31263      0  *36103*  97  [CGAC] =   2618  20022      0  *22640*  98  [CGAG] =   6200  16398      0  *22598*  99  [CGAT] =   4553  31550      0  *36103*  100 [CGCA] =   4452  18188      0  *22640*  101 [CGCC] =   6407   7790      0  *14197*  102 [CGCG] =   1565  12606      0  *14171*  103 [CGCT] =   4517  18123      0  *22640*  104 [CGGA] =   4428  18170      0  *22598*  105 [CGGC] =   4852   9319      0  *14171*  106 [CGGG] =   6324   7821      0  *14145*  107 [CGGT] =   3933  18665      0  *22598*  108 [CGTA] =   4245  31858      0  *36103*  109 [CGTC] =   4037  18603      0  *22640*  110 [CGTG] =   7351  15247      0  *22598*  111 [CGTT] =   5433  30670      0  *36103*  112 [CTAA] =  43131  14547      0  *57678*  113 [CTAC] =  27535   8635      0  *36170*  114 [CTAG] =  29209   6894      0  *36103*  115 [CTAT] =  41542  16136      0  *57678*  116 [CTCA] =  52774      0  16604  *36170*  117 [CTCC] =  42889      0  20207  *22682*  118 [CTCG] =   6080  16560      0  *22640*  119 [CTCT] =  55831      0  19661  *36170*  120 [CTGA] =  50215      0  14112  *36103*  121 [CTGC] =  39849      0  17209  *22640*  122 [CTGG] =  48277      0  25679  *22598*  123 [CTGT] =  52140      0  16037  *36103*  124 [CTTA] =  41672  16006      0  *57678*  125 [CTTC] =  47446      0  11276  *36170*  126 [CTTG] =  42909      0   6806  *36103*  127 [CTTT] =  79790      0  22111  *57679*  128 [GAAA] =  82388      0  24817  *57571*  129 [GAAC] =  30267   5836      0  *36103*  130 [GAAG] =  47142      0  11106  *36036*  131 [GAAT] =  51502   6070      0  *57572*  132 [GACA] =  37677      0  1574  *36103*  133 [GACC] =  19607   3033      0  *22640*  134 [GACG] =   3864  18734      0  *22598*  135 [GACT] =  30747   5356      0  *36103*  136 [GAGA] =  54787      0  18751  *36036*  137 [GAGC] =  26835      0   4237  *22598*  138 [GAGG] =  41002      0  18446  *22556*  139 [GAGT] =  33589   2447      0  *36036*  140 [GATA] =  36672  20900      0  *57572*  141 [GATC] =  24331  11772      0  *36103*  142 [GATG] =  35921    115      0  *36036*  143 [GATT] =  44264  13308      0  *57572*  144 [GCAA] =  39578      0   3475  *36103*  145 [GCAC] =  25373      0   2733  *22640*  146 [GCAG] =  39433      0  16835  *22598*  147 [GCAT] =  34728   1375      0  *36103*  148 [GCCA] =  36945      0  14305  *22640*  149 [GCCC] =  22184      0   7987  *14197*  150 [GCCG] =   4720   9451      0  *14171*  151 [GCCT] =  38291      0  15651  *22640*  152 [GCGA] =   3996  18602      0  *22598*  153 [GCGC] =   4097  10074      0  *14171*  154 [GCGG] =   4920   9225      0  *14145*  155 [GCGT] =   4322  18276      0  *22598*  156 [GCTA] =  27903   8200      0  *36103*  157 [GCTC] =  26921      0   4281  *22640*  158 [GCTG] =  41554      0  18956  *22598*  159 [GCTT] =  37492      0   1389  *36103*  160 [GGAA] =  51638      0  15602  *36036*  161 [GGAC] =  20083   2515      0  *22598*  162 [GGAG] =  42961      0  20405  *22556*  163 [GGAT] =  33060   2976      0  *36036*  164 [GGCA] =  37084      0  14486  *22598*  165 [GGCC] =  23339      0   9168  *14171*  166 [GGCG] =   6415   7730      0  *14145*  167 [GGCT] =  35520      0  12922  *22598*  168 [GGGA] =  38931      0  16375  *22556*  169 [GGGC] =  22252      0   8107  *14145*  170 [GGGG] =  25116      0  10997  *14119*  171 [GGGT] =  26461      0   3905  *22556*  172 [GGTA] =  26299   9737      0  *36036*  173 [GGTC] =  19789   2809      0  *22598*  174 [GGTG] =  33347      0  10791  *22556*  175 [GGTT] =  32735   3301      0  *36036*  176 [GTAA] =  39612  17960      0  *57572*  177 [GTAC] =  19306  16797      0  *36103*  178 [GTAG] =  28035   8001      0  *36036*  179 [GTAT] =  38647  18925      0  *57572*  180 [GTCA] =  31986   4117      0  *36103*  181 [GTCC] =  20194   2446      0  *22640*  182 [GTCG] =   2612  19986      0  *22598*  183 [GTCT] =  37235      0   1132  *36103*  184 [GTGA] =  41003      0   4967  *36036*  185 [GTGC] =  25002      0   2404  *22598*  186 [GTGG] =  36220      0  13664  *22556*  187 [GTGT] =  39178      0   3142  *36036*  188 [GTTA] =  33122  24450      0  *57572*  189 [GTTC] =  30685   5418      0  *36103*  190 [GTTG] =  32094   3942      0  *36036*  191 [GTTT] =  61630      0   4058  *57572*  192 [TAAA] =  96295      0   4318  *91977*  193 [TAAC] =  32788  24890      0  *57678*  194 [TAAG] =  41940  15632      0  *57572*  195 [TAAT] =  68926  23051      0  *91977*  196 [TACA] =  52499   5179      0  *57678*  197 [TACC] =  26011  10159      0  *36170*  198 [TACG] =   4285  31818      0  *36103*  199 [TACT] =  42863  14815      0  *57678*  200 [TAGA] =  46015  11557      0  *57572*  201 [TAGC] =  27648   8455      0  *36103*  202 [TAGG] =  30346   5690      0  *36036*  203 [TAGT] =  37514  20058      0  *57572*  204 [TATA] =  71110  20867      0  *91977*  205 [TATC] =  36991  20687      0  *57678*  206 [TATG] =  46579  10993      0  *57572*  207 [TATT] =  88109   3869      0  *91978*  208 [TCAA] =  55867   1811      0  *57678*  209 [TCAC] =  40668      0   4498  *36170*  210 [TCAG] =  50537      0  14434  *36103*  211 [TCAT] =  56858    820      0  *57678*  212 [TCCA] =  49110      0  12940  *36170*  213 [TCCC] =  39054      0  16372  *22682*  214 [TCCG] =   4520  18120      0  *22640*  215 [TCCT] =  54738      0  18568  *36170*  216 [TCGA] =   4493  31610      0  *36103*  217 [TCGC] =   4023  18617      0  *22640*  218 [TCGG] =   4621  17977      0  *22598*  219 [TCGT] =   5058  31045      0  *36103*  220 [TCTA] =  46049  11629      0  *57678*  221 [TCTC] =  55454      0  19284  *36170*  222 [TCTG] =  56439      0  20336  *36103*  223 [TCTT] =  74027      0  16348  *57679*  224 [TGAA] =  68470      0  10898  *57572*  225 [TGAC] =  31575   4528      0  *36103*  226 [TGAG] =  52522      0  16486  *36036*  227 [TGAT] =  50570   7002      0  *57572*  228 [TGCA] =  48917      0  12814  *36103*  229 [TGCC] =  37185      0  14545  *22640*  230 [TGCG] =   4415  18183      0  *22598*  231 [TGCT] =  49589      0  13486  *36103*  232 [TGGA] =  48758      0  12722  *36036*  233 [TGGC] =  36807      0  14209  *22598*  234 [TGGG] =  46031      0  23475  *22556*  235 [TGGT] =  42586      0   6550  *36036*  236 [TGTA] =  52586   4986      0  *57572*  237 [TGTC] =  37682      0   1579  *36103*  238 [TGTG] =  55631      0  19595  *36036*  239 [TGTT] =  67303      0   9731  *57572*  240 [TTAA] =  78181  13796      0  *91977*  241 [TTAC] =  39932  17746      0  *57678*  242 [TTAG] =  42944  14628      0  *57572*  243 [TTAT] =  78553  13425      0  *91978*  244 [TTCA] =  69125      0  11447  *57678*  245 [TTCC] =  51528      0  15358  *36170*  246 [TTCG] =   4914  31189      0  *36103*  247 [TTCT] =  85861      0  28182  *57679*  248 [TTGA] =  55806   1766      0  *57572*  249 [TTGC] =  39335      0   3232  *36103*  250 [TTGG] =  45168      0   9132  *36036*  251 [TTGT] =  61447      0   3875  *57572*  252 [TTTA] =  95607      0   3629  *91978*  253 [TTTC] =  82318      0  24639  *57679*  254 [TTTG] =  80201      0  22629  *57572*  255 [TTTT] = 170849      0  78871  *91978*     Total Nucleotides = 10299843   Max Value Below Predicted = 31858   Max Value Above Predicted = 79818   Before commenting on these numbers, let us look at some computer simulations so we have something to compare them to.     Computer Simulations of Nucleotides   Because of the massive drain on computer power caused by floating point operations, I could only run 70,000 simulations.   The 70,000 simulations were not run at one time.  For example, 25,000 of the 70,000 simulations were run at one time.  In each of the 25,000 simulations (one of the blocks to make up the 70,000 simulations) represented in the below chart, a sequence of operations was performed: 1) In each simulation 10,299,843 nucleotides were chosen, with bias (i.e. taking into account the real distribution of nucleotides). 2) A histogram for each simulation was made for the 256 different possible permutations of 4 nucleotides (e.g. AAAA, AAAC, AAAG, etc.). 3) Thus, there were 25,000 different histograms of 4 different permutations of nucleotides. 4) The program went through those 25,000 histograms and found the minimum and maximum values for each permutation in each simulation.   Let us look at the chart of 25,000 simulations:   25,000 Simulations of DNA, With Bias Table 6:   Column (A) is the sequence of 4 nucleotides Column (B) is the MINIMUM times the sequence occurred among 25,000 simulations Column (C) is the MAXIMUM times the sequence occurred among 25,000 simulations Column (D) is Column (C) minus Column (B) Column (E) is the number of predicted occurrences     (A)      (B)     (C)    (D)      (E)                           GAP  [AAAA] = 90882   93244   2362   *91977*  [AAAC] = 56733   58597   1864   *57678*  [AAAG] = 56524   58483   1959   *57571*  [AAAT] = 90841   93193   2352   *91977*  [AACA] = 56758   58683   1925   *57678*  [AACC] = 35356   36979   1623   *36170*  [AACG] = 35363   36827   1464   *36103*  [AACT] = 56795   58875   2080   *57678*  [AAGA] = 56595   58640   2045   *57571*  [AAGC] = 35353   36831   1478   *36103*  [AAGG] = 35172   36800   1628   *36036*  [AAGT] = 56591   58470   1879   *57572*  [AATA] = 90629   93216   2587   *91977*  [AATC] = 56723   58763   2040   *57678*  [AATG] = 56534   58562   2028   *57572*  [AATT] = 90661   93543   2882   *91977* **  [ACAA] = 56617   58561   1944   *57678*  [ACAC] = 35464   36979   1515   *36170*  [ACAG] = 35312   36817   1505   *36103*  [ACAT] = 56621   58690   2069   *57678*  [ACCA] = 35458   36979   1521   *36170*  [ACCC] = 22095   23307   1212   *22682*  [ACCG] = 22046   23193   1147   *22640*  [ACCT] = 35406   36963   1557   *36170*  [ACGA] = 35414   36948   1534   *36103*  [ACGC] = 22060   23297   1237   *22640*  [ACGG] = 21982   23232   1250   *22598*  [ACGT] = 35332   36835   1503   *36103*  [ACTA] = 56672   58640   1968   *57678*  [ACTC] = 35420   36929   1509   *36170*  [ACTG] = 35368   36846   1478   *36103*  [ACTT] = 56660   58576   1916   *57678*  [AGAA] = 56627   58573   1946   *57571*  [AGAC] = 35401   36904   1503   *36103*  [AGAG] = 35301   36735   1434   *36036*  [AGAT] = 56590   58492   1902   *57572*  [AGCA] = 35415   36845   1430   *36103*  [AGCC] = 22023   23302   1279   *22640*  [AGCG] = 22061   23177   1116   *22598*  [AGCT] = 35235   36887   1652   *36103*  [AGGA] = 35313   36958   1645   *36036*  [AGGC] = 21978   23174   1196   *22598*  [AGGG] = 21942   23117   1175   *22556*  [AGGT] = 35235   36782   1547   *36036*  [AGTA] = 56472   58606   2134   *57572*  [AGTC] = 35319   37018   1699   *36103*  [AGTG] = 35313   36811   1498   *36036*  [AGTT] = 56630   58588   1958   *57572*  [ATAA] = 90732   93060   2328   *91977*  [ATAC] = 56785   58660   1875   *57678*  [ATAG] = 56524   58505   1981   *57572*  [ATAT] = 90786   93343   2557   *91977*  [ATCA] = 56759   58618   1859   *57678*  [ATCC] = 35327   36995   1668   *36170*  [ATCG] = 35356   36899   1543   *36103*  [ATCT] = 56651   58700   2049   *57678*  [ATGA] = 56630   58504   1874   *57572*  [ATGC] = 35364   36796   1432   *36103*  [ATGG] = 35233   36862   1629   *36036*  [ATGT] = 56641   58501   1860   *57572*  [ATTA] = 90900   93061   2161   *91977*  [ATTC] = 56549   58543   1994   *57678*  [ATTG] = 56618   58525   1907   *57572*  [ATTT] = 90784   93180   2396   *91978*  [CAAA] = 56659   58650   1991   *57678*  [CAAC] = 35345   36958   1613   *36170*  [CAAG] = 35342   36927   1585   *36103*  [CAAT] = 56777   58562   1785   *57678*  [CACA] = 35421   36908   1487   *36170*  [CACC] = 21967   23302   1335   *22682*  [CACG] = 21956   23264   1308   *22640*  [CACT] = 35453   36908   1455   *36170*  [CAGA] = 35351   36801   1450   *36103*  [CAGC] = 22066   23191   1125   *22640*  [CAGG] = 22014   23182   1168   *22598*  [CAGT] = 35425   36965   1540   *36103*  [CATA] = 56729   58636   1907   *57678*  [CATC] = 35346   37096   1750   *36170*  [CATG] = 35317   36816   1499   *36103*  [CATT] = 56725   58674   1949   *57678*  [CCAA] = 35408   37015   1607   *36170*  [CCAC] = 22086   23301   1215   *22682*  [CCAG] = 22060   23298   1238   *22640*  [CCAT] = 35402   36953   1551   *36170*  [CCCA] = 21956   23295   1339   *22682*  [CCCC] = 13774   14745    971   *14224*  [CCCG] = 13699   14721   1022   *14197*  [CCCT] = 22060   23260   1200   *22682*  [CCGA] = 21999   23270   1271   *22640*  [CCGC] = 13695   14673    978   *14197*  [CCGG] = 13705   14713   1008   *14171*  [CCGT] = 22052   23186   1134   *22640*  [CCTA] = 35361   36944   1583   *36170*  [CCTC] = 22097   23245   1148   *22682*  [CCTG] = 22061   23268   1207   *22640*  [CCTT] = 35416   36912   1496   *36170*  [CGAA] = 35334   36904   1570   *36103*  [CGAC] = 22089   23227   1138   *22640*  [CGAG] = 22015   23178   1163   *22598*  [CGAT] = 35352   36828   1476   *36103*  [CGCA] = 22053   23291   1238   *22640*  [CGCC] = 13728   14680    952   *14197*  [CGCG] = 13678   14626    948   *14171*  [CGCT] = 21960   23234   1274   *22640*  [CGGA] = 21853   23228   1375   *22598*  [CGGC] = 13666   14712   1046   *14171*  [CGGG] = 13688   14664    976   *14145*  [CGGT] = 21909   23196   1287   *22598*  [CGTA] = 35216   36901   1685   *36103*  [CGTC] = 22094   23246   1152   *22640*  [CGTG] = 22033   23138   1105   *22598*  [CGTT] = 35323   36820   1497   *36103*  [CTAA] = 56682   58637   1955   *57678*  [CTAC] = 35370   36981   1611   *36170*  [CTAG] = 35331   36940   1609   *36103*  [CTAT] = 56717   58771   2054   *57678*  [CTCA] = 35371   36981   1610   *36170*  [CTCC] = 22063   23225   1162   *22682*  [CTCG] = 22058   23224   1166   *22640*  [CTCT] = 35377   36988   1611   *36170*  [CTGA] = 35215   36966   1751   *36103*  [CTGC] = 22048   23182   1134   *22640*  [CTGG] = 21985   23148   1163   *22598*  [CTGT] = 35403   36795   1392   *36103*  [CTTA] = 56584   58651   2067   *57678*  [CTTC] = 35308   37031   1723   *36170*  [CTTG] = 35339   36855   1516   *36103*  [CTTT] = 56702   58623   1921   *57679*  [GAAA] = 56513   58675   2162   *57571*  [GAAC] = 35421   36883   1462   *36103*  [GAAG] = 35246   36742   1496   *36036*  [GAAT] = 56645   58593   1948   *57572*  [GACA] = 35326   36981   1655   *36103*  [GACC] = 22043   23336   1293   *22640*  [GACG] = 21998   23200   1202   *22598*  [GACT] = 35432   36861   1429   *36103*  [GAGA] = 35209   36794   1585   *36036*  [GAGC] = 22032   23202   1170   *22598*  [GAGG] = 21941   23182   1241   *22556*  [GAGT] = 35362   36785   1423   *36036*  [GATA] = 56598   58521   1923   *57572*  [GATC] = 35358   36912   1554   *36103*  [GATG] = 35303   36797   1494   *36036*  [GATT] = 56626   58529   1903   *57572*  [GCAA] = 35429   36884   1455   *36103*  [GCAC] = 22074   23219   1145   *22640*  [GCAG] = 21991   23223   1232   *22598*  [GCAT] = 35306   36882   1576   *36103*  [GCCA] = 21971   23210   1239   *22640*  [GCCC] = 13691   14683    992   *14197*  [GCCG] = 13681   14647    966   *14171*  [GCCT] = 22022   23197   1175   *22640*  [GCGA] = 22023   23189   1166   *22598*  [GCGC] = 13691   14643    952   *14171*  [GCGG] = 13638   14595    957   *14145*  [GCGT] = 21986   23173   1187   *22598*  [GCTA] = 35313   36863   1550   *36103*  [GCTC] = 21991   23247   1256   *22640*  [GCTG] = 22028   23191   1163   *22598*  [GCTT] = 35366   36852   1486   *36103*  [GGAA] = 35308   36820   1512   *36036*  [GGAC] = 21920   23222   1302   *22598*  [GGAG] = 21927   23154   1227   *22556*  [GGAT] = 35273   36840   1567   *36036*  [GGCA] = 21982   23230   1248   *22598*  [GGCC] = 13670   14612    942   *14171*  [GGCG] = 13640   14591    951   *14145*  [GGCT] = 21965   23204   1239   *22598*  [GGGA] = 21925   23260   1335   *22556*  [GGGC] = 13615   14604    989   *14145*  [GGGG] = 13637   14622    985   *14119*  [GGGT] = 21923   23146   1223   *22556*  [GGTA] = 35280   36875   1595   *36036*  [GGTC] = 22027   23206   1179   *22598*  [GGTG] = 21965   23141   1176   *22556*  [GGTT] = 35342   36817   1475   *36036*  [GTAA] = 56733   58699   1966   *57572*  [GTAC] = 35364   36830   1466   *36103*  [GTAG] = 35262   36773   1511   *36036*  [GTAT] = 56657   58586   1929   *57572*  [GTCA] = 35381   36920   1539   *36103*  [GTCC] = 21996   23236   1240   *22640*  [GTCG] = 21965   23257   1292   *22598*  [GTCT] = 35419   36917   1498   *36103*  [GTGA] = 35258   36853   1595   *36036*  [GTGC] = 22006   23238   1232   *22598*  [GTGG] = 21984   23185   1201   *22556*  [GTGT] = 35280   36787   1507   *36036*  [GTTA] = 56631   58535   1904   *57572*  [GTTC] = 35349   36789   1440   *36103*  [GTTG] = 35292   36830   1538   *36036*  [GTTT] = 56640   58584   1944   *57572*  [TAAA] = 90841   93173   2332   *91977*  [TAAC] = 56567   58617   2050   *57678*  [TAAG] = 56663   58504   1841   *57572*  [TAAT] = 90695   93174   2479   *91977*  [TACA] = 56680   58615   1935   *57678*  [TACC] = 35351   36949   1598   *36170*  [TACG] = 35308   36830   1522   *36103*  [TACT] = 56782   58635   1853   *57678*  [TAGA] = 56623   58494   1871   *57572*  [TAGC] = 35371   36881   1510   *36103*  [TAGG] = 35324   36776   1452   *36036*  [TAGT] = 56627   58563   1936   *57572*  [TATA] = 90660   93176   2516   *91977*  [TATC] = 56635   58652   2017   *57678*  [TATG] = 56606   58555   1949   *57572*  [TATT] = 90824   93273   2449   *91978*  [TCAA] = 56756   58714   1958   *57678*  [TCAC] = 35439   36980   1541   *36170*  [TCAG] = 35261   36983   1722   *36103*  [TCAT] = 56756   58598   1842   *57678*  [TCCA] = 35436   37002   1566   *36170*  [TCCC] = 22116   23304   1188   *22682*  [TCCG] = 22050   23229   1179   *22640*  [TCCT] = 35413   36881   1468   *36170*  [TCGA] = 35362   36857   1495   *36103*  [TCGC] = 21980   23297   1317   *22640*  [TCGG] = 22028   23247   1219   *22598*  [TCGT] = 35292   36789   1497   *36103*  [TCTA] = 56725   58643   1918   *57678*  [TCTC] = 35350   36885   1535   *36170*  [TCTG] = 35248   37083   1835   *36103*  [TCTT] = 56703   58616   1913   *57679*  [TGAA] = 56648   58450   1802   *57572*  [TGAC] = 35286   36957   1671   *36103*  [TGAG] = 35307   36800   1493   *36036*  [TGAT] = 56672   58606   1934   *57572*  [TGCA] = 35252   36865   1613   *36103*  [TGCC] = 22072   23262   1190   *22640*  [TGCG] = 21925   23197   1272   *22598*  [TGCT] = 35343   36860   1517   *36103*  [TGGA] = 35217   36782   1565   *36036*  [TGGC] = 22035   23199   1164   *22598*  [TGGG] = 21865   23108   1243   *22556*  [TGGT] = 35230   36807   1577   *36036*  [TGTA] = 56611   58431   1820   *57572*  [TGTC] = 35169   36864   1695   *36103*  [TGTG] = 35274   36801   1527   *36036*  [TGTT] = 56617   58480   1863   *57572*  [TTAA] = 90805   93185   2380   *91977*  [TTAC] = 56841   58612   1771   *57678*  [TTAG] = 56632   58566   1934   *57572*  [TTAT] = 90703   93136   2433   *91978*  [TTCA] = 56809   58647   1838   *57678*  [TTCC] = 35422   36921   1499   *36170*  [TTCG] = 35353   36899   1546   *36103*  [TTCT] = 56772   58553   1781   *57679*  [TTGA] = 56626   58474   1848   *57572*  [TTGC] = 35320   36993   1673   *36103*  [TTGG] = 35334   36812   1478   *36036*  [TTGT] = 56665   58599   1934   *57572*  [TTTA] = 90838   93193   2355   *91978*  [TTTC] = 56656   58648   1992   *57679*  [TTTG] = 56558   58632   2074   *57572*  [TTTT] = 90761   93362   2601   *91978*    Maximum Gap (MAX minus MIN) = 2882 (AATT)  Maximum Gap Below Pred. = 1566 (Calc Not Shown)  Maximum Gap Above Pred. = 1348 (Calc Not Shown)   The predicted value was always between the minimum value and the maximum value for each permutation (i.e. each row).   While the maximum difference between the low and high simulation, for all  permutations, was 2,882; the maximum gap below the predicted value was 1,566 and the maximum gap above the predicted value was 1,348.   Let us compare these two numbers with what we saw in the real DNA segment:   Using real DNA, the maximum below predicted, considering all permutations, was 31,858.  The simulations generated a maximum below predicted of 1,566, meaning only 4.92% of the real DNA.  This, in spite of the fact that 70,000 simulations were run and the chart above was for the group of 25,000 simulations which had the highest gaps.   Using real DNA, the maximum above predicted, considering all permutations, was 79,818.  The simulations generated a maximum of 1,348, or only 1.69% of the difference using real DNA.   We see again that randomness cannot even come close to creating intelligence or information.  This is because when using strings of nucleotides, randomness sticks far too close to predicted values, even when considering bias.   The fact remains that random numbers generate such a small range of values for each permutation histogram, compared to predicted values, a person can safely conclude that it is impossible for randomly generated nucleotides (in nature, per neo-Darwinism) to generate any type of information or intelligence.   In fact, this is what has happened in the real world.  Billions of attempts to create new genetic information, via random mutations, have been attempted in the real world.  No one has ever proven that any new genetic information was generated by these randomly generated mutations.  (see the Sanford book)   The rare beneficial mutations mentioned in the Sanford book were examples of a loss of genetic information which only coincidentally led to some environmental benefit.   You cannot create intelligence even if you use bias in your selection of nucleotides!!     A Higher Viewpoint   Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words.  Let us look at the histogram of real human DNA, which was mathematically described above:         As can be seen, there are many very small numbers, such as those bars which are very short and can barely be seen at the bottom of the chart.  There are also some very tall bars and many medium-length bars.  What this graph shows is a lot of variety from the small numbers, to the medium numbers, to the very tall numbers.  Some sequences of nucleotides are rarely seen and others are frequently seen.  The histogram represents a "pattern of intelligence."   Now let us look at a representative histogram of a randomly generated DNA, using unbiased data.  This is not the same randomly generated DNA mathematically described above, but all randomly generated unbiased DNA look basically the same:         Where is the variety in this second picture??  There is none.  Randomness is very predictable when looking at large volumes of data.   Can the patterns of randomness, shown in this second graph, ever accidentally generate the patterns of intelligence in the first graph, which represented real human DNA?  No.     Statistics   The concept of "standard deviation" is a mathematical or statistical way to represent variety in a bar chart.  For example, the "standard deviation" in the real DNA chart above would be expected to be much, much higher than in a random chart because its bars have a much greater variety.   In fact, the histogram data of real DNA is as follows: Minimum = 1,565 Maximum = 171,795 Standard Deviation = 25,505   This value of the standard deviation, more than 25,000, represents a very wide variety of values in the histogram.  This is what we see visually in the above histogram of real DNA.   By comparison, I ran 10,000 computer simulations of randomly generated nucleotides of the same size as the real human DNA from chromosome 5.  In each simulation I kept track of the standard deviation.  Here is a summary of these 10,000 standard deviations:   Minimum Standard Deviation = 169.46 Maximum Standard Deviation = 236.15   Neither of these numbers are above 1% of the standard deviation (i.e. variety) of the real human DNA, meaning none of the 10,000 computer simulations had a standard deviation of 1% or more of the standard deviation using real human DNA.   I also ran a standard deviation of the 10,000 standard deviations just mentioned, to see how much variety there was among the standard deviations.  Here is that number:   Standard Deviation of Standard Deviations = 8.94   This, actually, is to be expected given the minimum and maximum above.  All of this indicates that if we had run millions of randomly generated DNA strands that our variety of standard deviations would never get anywhere near the standard deviation of real human DNA of over 25,000!!   This means it is impossible to randomly generate real human DNA (or the real DNA of any living species) by using random mutations of nucleotides.  This demonstrates that patterns of randomness will ever yield patterns of intelligence.   Yet, evolution claimed that patterns of randomness created patterns of intelligence millions of times within the short timeframe of a billion years.  It is nonsense.     Adding Bias   What if we add bias when choosing nucleotides?  If we add bias we will definitely get very high standard deviations.   But in this case the standard deviation doesn't mean anything because it we plotted the "predicted" values we would also get a high standard deviation.   What you need to do is plot the difference between the biased histogram and the biased predicted values.  The difference between these two numbers will yield very small standard deviations.  In other words, the biased data is really nothing more than a slight deviation from the predicted value.   But real human DNA does not follow the predicted values.  In short, adding bias will not add intelligence even though the pure standard deviation will be higher.     Summary   The point to this chapter is simple: patterns of randomness can never generate patterns of intelligence or information.  Never, never, never, never.  There is no field in science which would dispute this fact, not even high speed computer simulations would challenge this fact.   For example, if the theory of evolution were true, and randomness could create intelligence, all corporations could fire their computer programmers and replace them with randomly generated computer programs which "evolve," step-by-step, with selection, into very large, highly intricate and sophisticated computer programs.   Actually, "selection" would never come into play because none of the randomly generated computer programs would ever do anything useful, thus there would be nothing to "select" (i.e. nothing was "alive," using evolution terminology).   Computers are many, many trillions of times faster than evolution would be in the real world, so new highly sophisticated computer programs could be written fairly quickly by computerizing the model of evolution.  But no corporation would do such a foolish thing because randomness cannot create intelligence.   The conclusion is that it is impossible to generate information and intelligence from randomly generated nucleotides.  Neo-Darwinism is a scientifically false concept.  There will never, never be a new gene complex generated by random mutations of nucleotides.  It is impossible!!  Yet about 200 million gene complexes randomly formed in about 1 billion years according to the theory of evolution.  This is mathematical nonsense.   In this chapter we are actually explaining why the impossible probabilities; incurred by the concept of permutations of nucleotides; are so impossible.  We are now saying that because of the way random numbers or random permutations are chosen, it is impossible for a set of randomly generated nucleotides to generate information and the massive, massive intelligence of human DNA!!   The concept of "permutations of nucleotides" and the concept of "randomly generated numbers" tell the same story - the theory of neo-Darwinism is mathematically impossible.  Now you know why!!   When these concepts are coupled with the scientific fact of genetic entropy, and the many other problems the theory of evolution faces, the reader can understand why the theory of evolution is scientific nonsense.