|
Patterns of Intelligence
|
|
Chapter 10: The Nail in the Coffin of Evolution - Part 1We have had two previous chapters on why, from a technical viewpoint, the theory of evolution cannot be true. Chapter 4 talked about the incomprehensibly complex "morphing of the embryo" algorithms and how it is absurd to think that these algorithms could have "evolved" from species to species. Chapter 8 discussed the significance of the location of mutations. You may remember the example which demonstrated that out of 200,000 random mutations, only one of these mutations affected a "target nucleotide," but there was still no guarantee that the new nucleotide (in the target area) was the "right" nucleotide. But even if it was the "right" nucleotide, there was no guarantee that it would not be changed later into an incorrect nucleotide. Also, in the attempt to fix this one nucleotide, 150,000 of the mutations damaged perfectly good nucleotides!! Then there was the issue of "time." Because so many mutations must happen inside of a single reproductive cell, it is impossible that all of them could happen during the lifetime of a single animal. Thus, the mutations must be spread out over multiple generations. This chapter, and the next chapter, will discuss spreading out the mutations over multiple generations. These two chapters will prove that the theory of evolution is far more absurd than any of us can comprehend or even put into numbers!! This is a very challenging chapter to understand, so do not get hung-up on the details.
Overview of the Creation of a New Species By Evolution[As you read through this discussion continue to remember that the "location of mutations" issue applies whenever a reproductive cell is used to incrementally change the DNA of a new species.] Let us think, for a moment, about how a new species might come to exist by evolution. If we look at the phylogenetic tree of this new species we might be able to pick its most recent ancestor species, meaning the species from which it directly evolved from (according to evolution). In fact, let us assume that the changes to the nucleotides to the "old species" (from which the newly discovered species descended from) required the formation of 10 new genes which were not part of the DNA of the "old species". In addition to the 10 new genes there would be changes to the morphing of the embryo algorithms and many other different types of changes. Furthermore, we will assume that there is a male and female of the parent species. Thus, because the DNA of a male and female must align (in terms of the order and function of their nucleotides) in order to produce offspring, then both the DNA of the male and female must have identical random changes (identical in terms of location and in many cases identical in terms of the nucleotide in that location) to their DNA in order to create the new species (i.e. their DNA must continue to align after their independent mutations to nucleotides - which includes changed nucleotides, new nucleotides and deleted nucleotides). It is absurd to think that 10 new genes, along with the highly sophisticated changes to the morphing of the embryo algorithms, etc. could be formed by random mutations to both a male and a female in one generation. It is absurd both in terms of probability and because of time issues (i.e. that many mutations could not occur in the lifetime of one generation). Thus, we will spread out the large number of mutations (necessary to make the new species) into 50 generations of a small number of mutations in each generation. In other words, instead of one generation with a huge number of mutations to both a male and female, it will instead take 50 generations of a smaller number of random mutations (in each generation); for all of the necessary changes to the DNA to take place to create the new species. In these 50 generations: the creation of the 10 new genes, the modifications to the morphing of the embryo algorithms, and many other changes to the DNA of the "original pair" of animals (which belong to the parent species), will slowly "evolve" into a new species. The need to spread out the mutations between multiple generations is consistent with the claims of the evolutionists. Let us further assume that the population of the "old species" was 100,000. The 50 generations of partial mutations do not need to be consecutive (i.e. there might be generations with no changes to their DNA, in which case it would take more than 50 total generations), but to keep things simple we will ignore this possibility.
However, while the generations do not have to be consecutive, the generations which have mutations: These criteria are necessary so that the male and female will always have viable offspring. The cumulative partial mutations of the 50 generations will transform the DNA of the old species into a new species. It sounds so simple when you listen to an evolutionist. They might say something to the effect: "It took 2,000 years for the original species to evolve into the new species." Let's see if it is as simple as they make it sound (to keep this discussion from becoming a book: some less relevant and distracting issues will be ignored).
How To Create A New SpeciesLet us assume that the differences between the old species and the new species include changes to the bone structure, to the muscle structure (because of the new bone structure), changes to the liver (because we will assume the diet of the new species will be different than its ancestor species because it is a better hunter because of its new bone structure), changes to the brain (to allow for different muscle signaling to control the new muscles plus changes to the brain to create more complex hunting strategies), etc. These kinds of changes obviously would require massive and incomprehensibly complex changes to the "morphing of the embryo" algorithms on the DNA in incredibly precise locations in many thousands or millions of different places. To simplify things we will assume one male and one female form the original couple. The male and female which form the "first couple" or "original couple" do not have to be brother and sister.
The 50 GenerationsSo let us get started. We will call the original couple: male-0 and female-0. Let us suppose that the original couple has 15 offspring, including 8 males and 7 females. First, it needs to be made clear that whenever we look at a species with a male and female, that the "couple" which has the mutations must have at least one male and one female offspring. This is necessary so the building of the new DNA is not terminated before it is completed. It takes a male and a female among the offspring so that the cumulative partial mutations can be continued to the next generation. Second, it must be made clear that one male and one female, which are brother and sister, must mate. This is not true of the original couple, but it is true after that. This is necessary because the male and female offspring which mate must be born with exactly the same set of cumulative partial mutations (i.e. they are both born with the same subset of partial mutations which were accumulated from prior generations)!! Then the new male and female (brother and sister) in each generation must have identical new mutations in their generation and they must be the ones that mate in their generation and they must have at least one male and one female offspring. This is the "cycle" in each generation which is necessary for the "evolution" of the new species to be complete. Thus, we will always talk about a couple having at least one male and one female offspring so that these offspring can be the "next" generation of evolution. Thus, the first step of the 50 steps of mutations must occur in male-0 and female-0 (the original couple who must each have the same mutations independently of each other). The original couple is the "first couple" to have mutations. The next thing we need to understand is that in each generation, 2 eggs and 2 sperm must have the same partial mutations!! This is because their offspring must include at least one male and one female which will pass-on the cumulative mutations. Let me explain why there needs to be two sperms and two eggs in each generation which have the same mutations. Both a male and female must be born in each generation in order for the mutations to continue. It takes one sperm of the male and one egg of the female to create a male and it takes one sperm of the male and one egg of the female to create a female. That is four DNA strands, two from the male and two from the female. And by pure accident the mutations must be the same in each of the four DNA strands in each generation because the male and female in each generation must mate and must have at least one male and one female with the new set of mutations!! However, even if this couple has multiple males and multiple females among their offspring, only two of their offspring will be born with the correct "new" mutations because we will assume that only four of their DNA have the same, correct mutations for the next generation. And the two offspring which result from the four new mutations must be a male and a female. Thus, the other males and females born to this couple are irrelevant because they are not born with the same new mutations. We make this assumption because it is ludicrous to think that more than two of the eggs and two of the sperm would coincidentally have the same complex mutations in the same generation!! In fact, it is ludicrous to think that four reproductive cells could have the same new complex mutations in any generation. Are you keeping track of the "location issue?" In this original couple (and every couple thereafter) four independent reproductive cells (2 sperm and 2 eggs) must independently have the same partial mutations in order to create a male and female which will have the next generation of partial mutations!! The "location" issue applies to all four of these DNA strands!! It is inconceivable that four independent cells could have identical mutations in the same generation!!! In other words, it is insane to think that two male-0 sperms (e.g. the sperm needed to produce male-1 and female-1) and two female-0 eggs (the eggs to produce male-1 and female-1) would have the identical random, accidental mutations to their DNA. And this insanity had to happen in 50 different generations in order to create the new species!! And the two offspring which are born with the same partial mutations must include at least one male and one female. For example, if both of the two offspring which were born with the new mutations were males, that is the end of the new species!! The other offspring of the original couple (i.e. the 7 males and the 6 females) are no longer of any importance to this discussion because they cannot be ancestors of the new species because they did not have the right partial mutations when they were born. Thus, we can ignore them. Technically the mutations in the four reproductive cells must be in the same locations, but in many cases they do not have to be the same nucleotides. The "location" issue alone will make the formation of the new species impossible; so whether they need to be the same nucleotides in each location is not a significant issue. We will call the mutations in male-0 and female-0: "partial-1". Thus, both male-0 and female-0 must have partial-1 mutations to two of their DNA (i.e. to the DNA in two of their reproductive cells) in order to create male-1 and female-1 (the first generation which was born with partial mutations). This means four cells needed to independently have "partial-1" mutations (and this will continue for 50 generations). The probability of this happening is beyond comprehension. While we can write symbols to represent the probability of this coincidence, we cannot remotely comprehend the small size of this number. The mutations to create male-1 and female-1, which are "brother and sister," are only 1/50th of the total mutations needed to create the new species. This does not mean exactly 2%, only that there are 50 steps and this is one of the 50 steps. This step might have 1% or 4% of the total changes, but it is one of the 50 total steps needed to make the new species.
A Look At All of the GenerationsAll of the issues discussed regarding the creation of male-1 and female-1 apply to the rest of the generations. For example, starting with the offspring of male-1 and female-1:
1) The male and female offspring, which are brother and sister, must survive long enough to have their own partial mutations, At this point the cycle starts again, so we will abbreviate the rest of the discussion. Now let us assume that male-1 and female-1 (children of male-0 and female-0) have the partial-2 mutations. Their offspring will include male-2 and female-2, which are born with both partial-1 mutations (handed down from their grandparents: male-0 and female-0, and then to their parents: male-1 and female-1) and partial-2 mutations (the new mutations in this generation from their parents: male-1 and female-1). Now let us assume that male-2 and female-2 have the partial-3 mutations. Their offspring will include male-3 and female-3, which are born with partial-1, partial-2 and partial-3 mutations. Now let us assume that male-3 and female-3 have the partial-4 mutations. Their offspring will include male-4 and female-4, which are born with partial-1, partial-2, partial-3 and partial-4 mutations. We will continue this process until we have male-50 and female-50, which ARE the new species!!
We can summarize what has happened: (*) i.e. the male and female must live long enough to each have mutations to 2 of their reproductive cells (4 total), they must be brother and sister, they must mate, the right sperm and eggs must "find" each other and they must have at least one male and one female offspring born with the correct cumulative mutations (though they may have other offspring not born will all of the proper mutations). As we go through this long process to eventually come up with male-50 and female-50 (which is the new species) we run into some very serious statistical problems. First, these changes to the DNA in the male and female must be very, very sophisticated, yet they must be coordinated in each generation otherwise their DNA (in each generation) will not align properly and they may not be able to have viable offspring. At the end of this process, male-50 and female-50 are born with partial-1, partial-2, ..., partial 50 mutations. This is the new species!! At this point the first couple of the new species must have a male and female, but no new mutations are needed and all of their descendants can mate with each other because it is a complete species. The next chapter will continue this discussion.
Chapter 11: The Nail in the Coffin of Evolution - Part 2
|